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What is an annotated bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper, or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.

Learn more about Annotated Bibliographies here.

How to write an annotated bibliography

For each source, begin by creating a complete reference entry that includes the author, title, date, and other relevant publication details. The specific format for this entry will depend on the citation style you are using (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).

Annotations typically range from 50 to 200 words and are usually presented as a single paragraph. The exact length can vary based on the assignment's word count, the significance of individual sources, and the total number of sources included.

*Always double check with your assignment requirements or ask your instructor to ensure you follow the course's requirements.

There are three main types of annotations:

  • Descriptive annotations - These focus on summarizing the source's main arguments and methodologies and are useful when the goal is to gather and present information.
    • These could resemble an abstract, but this needs to be done in your own words. Make your description relevant to the assignment you are working on.
  • Evaluative annotations - These involve both describing the source and assessing the validity and effectiveness of the source's arguments and methods. This type of annotation is appropriate when the assignment requires critical evaluation.
  • Reflective annotations - These consider the source's relevance and usefulness to your own research, particularly when the annotated bibliography is part of a broader research project.
    • These should also assess the usefulness of a particular article for the author's own research in the field.

While these specific terms might not always be used, understanding the purpose of your assignment will help you choose the most appropriate annotation approach. Interactive examples of different annotation styles are available below.